Borsuk-Ulam の定理は, 元々は, 球面から Euclid空間への \(\Z _2\)-equivariant map の存在についての定理である。
組み合せ論では結構重要な topological tool のようで, Matousek の本 [Mat03] がある。また Steinlein の解説
[Ste85; Ste93]もある。
Ziegler の AMS の Notices での解説 [Zie11] によると, Lovász が Borsuk-Ulam の定理を用いて
Kneser 予想を証明した [Lov78] のが topological combinatorics の起源であると言われているようである。 もっとも,
そこで Birch が [Bir59] で 不動点定理を用いたのは, それよりずっと古いことも述べているが。
例えば, ham sandwich theorem などが Borsuk-Ulam の定理から証明される。
Beyer と Zardecki による ham sandwich theorem の歴史に関する解説 [BZ04] がある。Zivaljevic の
[Živ97] も見るとよい。
Musin [Mus15; MV23] によると, 離散版は Tucker’s lemma と呼ばれるもの [Tuc46; Fan52]
である。
今では, Borsuk-Ulam の定理には, 各種の一般化や variation が知られている。 以下に, 目にしたものを記録した。
Parametrized version は何人かの人が考えていて, Dold [Dol88] によるものや Schick らの [Sch+11],
Singh の [Sin11], Crabb と Singh の [CS18] などがある。
Gromov の waist of sphere theorem については, まず Memarian の解説 [Mem11]
を見るのがよさそうである。
自由な \(\Z _2\) 作用を持つ空間で, Borsuk-Ulam 型の定理が成り立つような空間を特徴付けることも考えられている。Musin と
Volovikov の[MV15] では, Bacon の [Bac66] が参照されている。
関連した事柄としては, Wasserman [Was91] の定義した Borsuk-Ulam group がある。
References
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